Human histocompatibility genes (HLA) class II: DRB1, DQA1, DQB1

Human Histocompatibility Genes (HLA) Class II: DRB1, DQA1, DQB1

We remind you that independent interpretation of the results is unacceptable, the information provided below is for reference purposes only.

The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system is a group of genes that encode proteins responsible for regulating the immune system's ability to distinguish between self and non-self molecules. The HLA Class II genes, including DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1, play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response by presenting antigens to helper T cells.

Structure and Functions of HLA Class II Genes

The HLA Class II genes encode molecules present on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. These molecules consist of two polypeptide chains, an alpha and a beta chain. The DRB1 gene encodes the beta chain of the HLA-DR molecule, while the DQA1 and DQB1 genes encode the alpha and beta chains of the HLA-DQ molecule, respectively.

The HLA Class II molecules are involved in the presentation of extracellular antigens, such as those derived from bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens, to helper T cells. This process is essential for the initiation and regulation of the adaptive immune response, including the activation of B cells and the production of antibodies.

The diversity of HLA genes contributes to the ability of the immune system to recognize a wide range of foreign antigens, as well as the regulation of autoimmune responses. Variations in these genes can influence an individual's susceptibility to certain autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and their response to transplantation.

The Role of Human Histocompatibility Genes (HLA) Class II: DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1

The Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) system plays a crucial role in the immune system's ability to recognize and respond to foreign molecules. The HLA class II genes, specifically DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1, encode for proteins that present antigens to T-helper cells, initiating an immune response against pathogens or foreign substances.

Indications for HLA Class II Typing

HLA class II typing, particularly for the DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1 genes, is indicated in various clinical scenarios, including:

• Transplantation: HLA typing is essential for determining compatibility between organ or stem cell donors and recipients, reducing the risk of graft rejection.
• Autoimmune disorders: Certain HLA class II alleles are associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. HLA typing can aid in risk assessment and disease management.
• Disease association studies: HLA class II genes are linked to susceptibility or resistance to various diseases. Identifying these associations can further our understanding of disease mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.

Preparation for the Procedure

For the analysis of Human Histocompatibility Genes (HLA) Class II: DRB1, DQA1, and DQB1, the preparation process typically involves the following steps:

• No specific dietary restrictions are required, as the analysis involves genetic testing from a blood sample.
• Inform your healthcare provider about any medications or supplements you are currently taking, as some substances may potentially interfere with the testing process.
• Maintain adequate hydration by drinking plenty of fluids before the blood draw to facilitate the venipuncture procedure.
• Avoid strenuous physical activities prior to the blood draw, as they may temporarily alter blood composition and potentially affect the test results.

The Procedure

The process of collecting a blood sample for HLA testing is typically performed by a trained healthcare professional. A small amount of blood is drawn from a vein, usually in the arm, using a sterile needle and vacuum-sealed collection tube. The procedure is generally quick and minimally invasive.

Sources:

https://bethematch.org/transplant-basics/how-blood-stem-cell-transplants-work/hla-basics/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743871/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546662/
https://health.ucdavis.edu/transplant/about/hla-typing-matching.html
https://www.verywellhealth.com/hla-typing-overview-4588231
https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/patient-education/human-leukocyte-antigen-typing
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2628004/
https://ythi.net/abbreviations/english/what-does-hla-mean-what-is-the-full-form-of-hla/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen

IMPORTANT!

It is crucial to remember that the information provided in this section is not intended for self-diagnosis or self-treatment. If you experience any pain or exacerbation of a condition, it is essential to consult a medical professional for proper diagnostic tests and treatment. Only a qualified specialist can make an accurate diagnosis and determine the appropriate treatment. To obtain the most accurate and consistent evaluation of test results, it is recommended to have them performed at the same laboratory. This is because different laboratories may use different methods and units of measurement for similar tests.